中华帝国晚期的叛乱及其敌人

客家人虽为汉族，但由于他们语言的不同和长期怀有的那种处于离群索居地位的意识，就作为一个分离出来的亚文化群而发挥作用。他们的命运就带来了一种幻觉。离群和受压感就转化成一种天降大任于己的神话和有战斗性的救世主义。偏执心理不亚于他们的狂热，所有太平军的社会关系从此便具有他们广西农村出生地的不可磨灭的烙印。

对中国社会的体制愈深入进行观察，我们对各种东方社会分析据以立论的“彼此隔离”、“自给自足”的农村图像的印象就越是淡薄。[插图]在生活的全部领域，包括武装组织，中国社会都被结合进亲属关系网，这种关系网从村庄扩展到邻近的村庄，扩展到市镇，扩展到县城，以及更远的地方。这些亲属关系表现为一定的传统形式，其名称在这一地区和那一地区有很大不同，但在规模和作用的许多方面都是一致的。

井田的梦想存留在孔子头脑的隐秘之处，他从未同意过帝国的大型政府以及它实施的奖惩，也不同意它设置的大批佐吏和官员以及中央控制的军队。在经济生活中，井田集体因向他们的封建主提供其九分之一产品的共同义务而被连结在一起；这种利益的共同性，与包括地方治安在内的农村生活其他方面的共同努力被认为是相辅相成的。

暴力犹如一股溪流，这股溪流在某些界限明确的河床中流贯中国农村，在最好的年代，它被堤堰围堵并受到控制，但在其余年代却喷涌而出淹没地方社会。

The book's more general finding seems still have some value: that in shaping the characteristics of militarization and conflict in recent Chinese history, social forms have taken primacy over political orientation.

Like many other gentry enterprises, local defense was seen as simply one of those necessary tasks that the bureaucracy could not perform itself.

Most important of all, however, was the clear implication that 團練 was really a peripheral branch of the state bureaucracy itself.

Here we shall be particularly concerned with those of kinship, economics, bureaucratic divisions, and ideology that influenced in one way or another the form and function of local militarization.

Lineage organization and local defense had a complex interacting relationship: if lineage served as an organizational base for militarization, it is also true that militarization could serve to reinforce traditional bonds of kinship solidarity.

It was the market community that enabled local society to transcend the narrow interests of village and lineage. In other cases, too, we find abundant evidence of the relevance of market structure to local militarization.

1.富者出錢，窮者出力2. and commonly held lands3.tax4.trade

This substitution indicates unmistakably a devolution of pao-chia responsibilities into the hands of those in rural society who were most capable of carrying them out: the orthodox local elite who were active in local defense.